![]() For example, the metaphor «life-a river» might well be corresponded with the metaphor «water-this is life». Sometimes it may reverse the direction of metaphor. In the case of participation of metaphorical projections in the formation of the cultural landscape, its structure is partly influenced by those images or categories, which play a role of the source. As a result of the projection an object is conceptually organized in the image of the source. ![]() In the process of metaphorization so called metaphorical projection-partial structuring of goal according to the modeled source is taken place. In terms of the semantics of the cultural landscape one of the important theories, elaborated by George Lakoff and Mark Jonson, describes the process of metaphorization as bipolar interaction between the two structures of knowledge-cognitive structure of source and cognitive structure of the target. Interrelationship of culture and space is metaphorical in nature. A metaphor is defined as a manifestation of the analog capabilities of the human mind as a way of categorizing, conceptualization and explanation of the world. The first section is dedicated to matching of the concept of cultural landscape in the proposed definition and to the contemporary theory of metaphor, which lies in the problem field of cognitive science exploring the processes of perception, categorization, classification and understanding of the world, as well as in the scope of cognitive linguistics (George Lakoff, Mark Jonson, Nina Arutyunova, Anatoly Baranov, Yuri Karaulov, Elena Kubryakova, Eric MacCormack, Anatoly Chudinov, Vladimir Porus, Eduard Budaev and others). In the study of cultural landscape a metaphor is used as a tool for learning, giving birth to new meanings. The third chapter examines the cognitive theory of metaphor in terms of comprehension of the landscape as a complex concept to which metaphors open up «epistemological access», and vice versa, the landscape-as a concept, organizing a series of abstract frames (Gestalts) in the mentality of culture. For example, the Volga River, a symbol of the Russian soul is different from other rivers of the Russian Plain in its length, depth and exceptional width downstream. The cultural landscape is a place for both of them, because in culture genetically related to the landscape actual geographical objects having some visual, quantitative and qualitative characteristics (height of mountains, river length, the breadth of the plains) act as symbols. In a metaphor the meaning is important in a symbol the form is important. Nina Arutyunova supposes that an image, a metaphor and a symbol arise spontaneously in the process of artistic development of the world and that their meaning is not fully formed, as both the metaphor and the symbol are subject to interpretation rather than understanding. ![]() Having defined the landscape as a process and a result of semiosis, we tried to find a place in it to such semiotic concept as a metaphor. This chapter is devoted to analysis of geographical images from the viewpoint of the theory of metaphor.
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